A PESSIMISTIC
SCENARIO
This chapter remains exactly as first published in
1994. The original whimsical look
into the future has become an
incredibly accurate portrayal of many
real events since then. A banking crisis and massive bailouts have already come to pass. The still unfolding scenario includes hyperinflation,
collapse of the economy, a new
global currency, domestic violence, U.N. "Peacekeeping" forces in the U.S., and the arrival of high-tech feudalism.
We are ready now for the final trip
in our time machine. On the control panel in front of us are several selector switches. The one on
the left indicates Direction of
Time. Set it to Future. The switch on the right indicates Primary Assumptions. Set it to the first notch which reads: Present trends unaltered. Leave the Secondary-Assumption switch where it is. The lever in the
center is a throttle to determine speed of travel. Nudge it forward—and hang on tight!
A BANKING CRISIS
It is 4:05 in
the morning. While New York City sleeps, the computers on the fourth floor at Citibank are aware that
a full-blown
crisis is underway. It started in London—five hours ahead of the East coast—and within
minutes had spread like an electronic virus to Tokyo and Hong Kong. That was an
hour ago. Alarms are now
sounding on computer terminals in all the trading centers of the world, and automatic
dialing devices are summoning money managers to their board rooms.
The panic
started from rumors that one of the large U.S. banks was in trouble because of the
simultaneous default of its loan to Mexico and the bankruptcy of its second-largest corporate
borrower.
Yesterday afternoon, the bank's president held a press conference and denied that these
were serious problems. To
reinforce his optimism, he announced
that, on Friday, the bank will be paying a higher-than-usual quarterly dividend. The professional money managers were not convinced.
They knew that writing off these loans would wipe out the bank's entire net worth.
By 5 A.M., the money-center banks are facing heavy withdrawals from overseas depositors. By the
time the sun peeks between the New York skyscrapers, Americans are also taking their money. These are not small transactions.
They involve other banks, insurance companies, and investment funds. The
average withdrawal is over $3
million. The reservoir is draining fast.
It is now 7:45. The banks will soon
be opening their doors, and already newspaper reporters and TV crews are arriving outside. A plan of unified action must be made
quickly.
The Chairman of the Federal Reserve
has arranged an emergency
conference call with the CEOs of all the major banks, including one who was located at
great effort at his fishing lodge in northern Canada. The President is also tied into the
telephone network but on
a "silent-monitor" basis. Other than the Chairman, no one else knows he is listening.
TO SAVE THE BANKS IS TO SAVE THE WORLD
The CEO at
Citibank quickly summarizes the problem. None of the banks will be able to sustain withdrawals of this
magnitude for more than about
forty-eight hours. Perhaps less. The money is not in their vaults. It has been put
into interest-bearing loans. Even if the loans were performing, they would not
have the money. Now that some of the larger loans are in default, the problem
is even worse. If the
Fed doesn't provide the money, the banks will have no choice but to close their doors and
go out of business. That would cause a collapse of the economy and untold suffering would follow. Americans would be thrown out of
work; families would go hungry;
national security would be weakened. And it would undoubtedly spread to the entire
world. Who knows what dire consequences would follow—chaos, famine, and riots here at home? Revolution abroad? The return
of a militaristic regime in Russia? Atomic war?
The Chairman cuts the monologue
short. He is well aware that the banks must not be allowed to fail. That, after all, was one of the reasons the Federal Reserve was
created. He wants to get on with the details of how to do it.
Yes, the FDIC is already broke, but
don't worry about that. Congress
will authorize a "loan" or some other mechanism for the Fed to create whatever amount of new
money the FDIC might need.
If Congress moves too slowly, the Fed has other technical means to accomplish the same result.
In the meantime, unlimited funding will be available at the Fed's discount window by 8 A.M.,
Eastern Standard time. The printing
presses are already running at full capacity to provide the currency. Fleets of airplanes and armored cars are standing by to
deliver it. Furthermore, don't give up on those defaulted loans. Congress will
probably bail out the bankrupt
American corporations. And the President has said he will ask for additional funding for
the IMF/World Bank. That money will be
created by the Fed and carry the stipulation that it must be used by Mexico and other
defaulting countries to resume interest payments on their loans.
The bankers are
told to open their doors to the public and act calm. The press already knows
that something is going on but not the seriousness of it. So tell them only what they
already know. Nothing more. If people want to withdraw their money, give it to them. If lines should develop, call
the police to maintain order, but continue paying out. Offer to stay open after closing
hours, if necessary, to
accommodate everyone. Above all, have the tellers take their time. Check and double
check each transaction. Move the lines slowly.
The armored trucks will arrive at
the busiest hours so the guards can carry
sacks of money past the customers for visual confirmation that there is enough for everyone. A bank
officer then should tell the
crowd that a fresh delivery of money has just been made from the Federal Reserve System
and that there is plenty more where that
came from. Once people become convinced that the bank is able to pay, most of
them will tire of the wait and go home.
PANIC AVERTED
It is now 6 P.M. of the following day. The plan was successful. Lines of anxious depositors had
formed yesterday morning, mostly in the larger cities, and resumed again this morning.
But there has been enough
money for everyone. The news media treated the story lightly, making sure to include sound bites from
various experts that
banks can no longer fail, thanks to the FDIC and the
Federal Reserve System. More than
half the video time is devoted to armored trucks and guards carrying sacks of money. The banks closed on schedule today, and there
were no more lines.
While everything appears calm to the
passengers on deck, the fire still
rages out of control in the boiler room. Over a billion
dollars has already fled, mostly
overseas, and the hemorrhage
continues. The Fed is pumping in fresh money to replace
it. Two of the banks have
instructed their computer technicians to activate an automatic two-hour delay on all
incoming transactions. There is talk of deliberately disabling the entire network and
blaming the breakdown on
overload, but the idea is abandoned. There are too many people in the system. Someone
surely would leak the truth to the press.
The danger of a run on the banks by
private depositors used to be the nightmare
of the Federal Reserve. Now it is nothing compared
to the electronic run that is taking place involving institutional depositors around the world. These
are professionals who are not
impressed by armed guards carrying bags of currency. They want their money now—and they are getting it.
Although they are receiving it in
the form of electronic credits, they are immediately exchanging that for something more dependable, such as stocks, other currencies, and bullion.
This is the Fed's finest hour. It is
exercising its many powers, carefully accumulated over the years, to create money out of whatever is at hand: U.S. Treasury
bonds, bonds from other governments,
corporate debt obligations, even direct loans to individuals and partnerships. Billions of new dollars
are springing into existence.
They are spreading around the globe to fulfill the banks' obligation to give
people back their money.
A REAL RUN ON THE BANKS
It is now seven
weeks later. Something happened, but no one knows what. Like a spark igniting a twig, spreading to a
branch, and then
engulfing the entire forest, the public has panicked. Responding to a primitive herd
instinct, they are descending on the banks and the thrifts. They want their money. They want
their savings.
Perhaps it was the newly released
statistics showing higher unemployment, or the continued rise in bankruptcies, or the Congressional vote to increase the
national debt again, or the jump
in Social-Security taxes, or the
loss of another 140,000 jobs to Mexico, or the riots in Chicago and Detroit for more food
stamps and government
housing, or the presence of UN "Peacekeeping" troops to augment the National
Guard, or the rumor that the Bank of America was technically insolvent, or the UN World
Court ruling that the
number of American automobiles had to be cut by 30% by December 31st, or the skeptical tone in the voice
of the CBS news anchor as
he quoted the latest prediction of renewed prosperity.
Whatever it was, there are now long
lines of sober-faced depositors
outside every bank. There is not enough cash in the vaults to meet the demand. Most money
is checkbook money, which means it
consists merely of magnetic impulses in a computer. Only about five per cent of the monetary supply
is in the form of coins
or currency. Most of that is already outside the banks in cash registers, wallets, and
mattresses. The amount inside the banks is only about one-half of one per cent. The Fed's
emergency supply of
currency—a large quantity warehoused for exactly this kind of crisis—is inadequate. This
time, the printing presses cannot keep up.
Spokesmen from the Treasury and the
Federal Reserve appear on TV and assure
the nation that there is no need for panic. Everything is under control. The only problem is the
irrational behavior of
alarmists who have no faith in their country.
No one believes them. The lines grow
longer, and the people become angry. Bank employees are jeered on their way to
work. Bomb threats
are made. Sporadic violence breaks out, and bank windows are smashed. The
International Guard is called up. The President dedares a bank holiday.
Since people cannot close out their
bank accounts by withdrawing currency, they rush through the stores on checkbook-spending sprees. If they cannot get their
money back, at least they can buy things with it. Garages and basements are filling up
with canned goods, shoes,
liquor, tires, ammunition. Goods are becoming scarce, pushing prices upward. The Dow Jones is going
through the roof as investors empty their checking accounts to buy anything for
sale. The
Securities and Exchange Commission finally suspends trading.
Nine months
have now passed. The crisis has been a blessing for politicians. They have thrived upon it and grown in
stature
because of it. It has given them an
excuse to swarm through the country on fact-finding trips, to appear in shirt sleeves at town-hall meetings, to give speeches, and to be
seen on television—all the time expressing grave concern and appearing to take charge. It has legitimized their role and somehow
made them seem more necessary than before. They have been converted in the public eye from oafs and bumpkins to serious-minded
statesmen.
The party in power said it inherited
the mess. The previous party blamed
the current one for dropping the ball. Both parties, however, agreed on the
solution: more of exactly the same policies that created the crisis: expanded power to the Federal
Reserve, more government
control over the economy, more subsidies and benefits, and more international commitments. These were
called "emergency
reforms" and became law. The same men who created the problem prescribed the solution.
The public was grateful to have leaders of such vision and wisdom.
BANK BAILOUT AND MORE INFLATION
The most
important emergency reform was to bail out the banks with taxpayers' dollars. Defaulted foreign loans
were taken over by the IMF
/World Bank, and the failing corporate borrowers were given government grants disguised as loans—loans
which everyone knew
would never be paid back.
Next, the banks were nationalized, at
least in part. In return for the bailout money, they gave large blocks of stock to the government which now operates as an
official business partner. This was not a drastic change. The banks were already heavily
regulated by government, even
to the point of determining their profits, dividends, and executive salaries. That is the way the cartel
wanted it. It was the
means by which competition was avoided and profits assured. Monetary scientists and
political scientists have always worked as a hidden partnership. This merely made the
relationship more visible.
Technically, no bank was allowed to
fail. The Fed kept its promise on that.
When the troubled banks were taken over, all depositors with $100,000 or less were fully protected.
If they wanted their
money and the bank didn't have it, the Fed simply manufactured it. No one was worried
about the value of those dollars. They
were just happy to have them.
Ten more months have now passed. Those
new dollars are flooding
throughout the system. The money supply has increased by the amount of the bailout plus the
amount of new spending for welfare, health care, interest on the national debt, and
foreign aid, all of
which are in a vertical climb. Inflation has become institutionalized.
The dollar has been dethroned as the world's de facto
currency. Foreign investors and central banks no longer have any use
for dollars. They have sent them back to the United States whence they came. Trillions of them have
returned to our shores like a huge flock of homing pigeons that fills the sky from
horizon to horizon. They are buying our refrigerators, automobiles, computers,
airplanes, cargo ships, armored tanks, office buildings, factories, real estate—pushing prices to
levels that would have seemed impossible a year ago. A single postage
stamp costs as many dollars as once would have purchased a new TV set.
Most stores have stopped accepting checks and credit cards.
Workers
are paid daily with bundles of paper money. People rush to the stores to purchase
groceries before prices rise even further. Commerce is paralyzed. Bank loans
and mortgages are unobtainable. Savings accounts have been destroyed,
including the cash values of insurance policies. Factories are shutting down.
Businesses are closing their doors. Barter is commonplace. Old silver coins come out of private
hoards and a hundred-dollar bill is exchanged for one silver dime.
Following the crash of 1929, the supply of paper money was limited because it was backed
by silver, and the amount of silver itself was limited. Those who had money were able to
buy up the assets of those who did not. Since prices were falling, the
longer they held on to their dollars, the more they could buy. Now, things are exactly the opposite. There
is nothing to back the money supply except politics. There is no limit to the amount of
currency that can be created. It is just a question of printing and
delivering it. Money is abundant, and prices are rising. Those who have money
are spending it as soon as possible to prevent further loss of purchasing power. In the 1930s,
everyone wanted dollars. Now, everyone wants to get rid of them.
The Emergency Banking Regulation No. 1, originally issued
in 1961, empowered the Secretary of the Treasury—without consent of Congress—to seize anyone's
bank account, savings account, or
safe-deposit box. It also gave him the power to fix rents, prices, salaries, and hourly wages,
and to impose rationing. This was to be done "in the event of attack on
the United States." That phrase now has been changed to read: "in
the event of national emergency." The Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) has been expanded to administer the directives of the Treasury. FEMA
also has the power to detain and forcibly relocate any citizen "in the event of a national
emergency."
NEW MONEY
Three more months have passed, and the President has declared a state of national emergency.
Today, the Secretary of the Treasury announced that the nations of the world had
ratified a multilateral treaty that would solve the inflationary
problems of the United States. This will be accomplished through the
issuance of a new world-wide monetary unit called the Bancor, the name proposed by John Maynard
Keynes at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. This new money will restore our
commerce and put a stop to inflation. At last, said the Treasury Secretary,
man will have total control over his economic destiny. Money will now
become his servant instead of his master.
The United States, he said, has agreed to accept the Bancor
as legal tender for all debts, public and private. The old money will still be honored but will be
phased out over a three-month period. After that date, Federal Reserve
Notes will no longer be valid. During the transition period, the old money may be
exchanged at any bank at the ratio of one Bancor for five-hundred
dollars. All existing contracts expressed in dollars—including home mortgages—are now converted to
Bancors in that same ratio.
In the same announcement,
the Secretary advised that the IMF /World Bank was backing this new money with
something far more precious than gold. Instead, it will be backed by the
assets of the world. These include bonds from the participating
governments plus millions of acres of wilderness lands that have been deposited into the UN
"Environmental Bank." The National Parks
1. "Debt-for-nature" swaps were proposed at the
4th World Wilderness Conference held in Denver, Colorado, in 1987 and they are being implemented
right now. Costa Rica,
Bolivia, and Ecuador have already agreed to swap their debt in exchange for a commitment to prevent
wilderness areas from being developed. UN control over those lands is inevitable.
and forests of the United States have
been added to those reserves, and they will now be under the supervision of the UN Wilderness Asset Preservation and Enhancement
Agency (WAPEA). From this date forward, the Federal Reserve System will operate as a subdivision of the IMF which is now the
central bank of the world.
Although the Secretary did not
mention it in his public appearance, the UN treaty also obligated the government to put
restrictions on the use
of cash. Every citizen is to be issued an international ID card. The primary purpose of these
machine-readable cards
is to provide positive identification for all citizens at transportation depots and military
checkpoints. They also can be used by the banks and stores to access checking accounts, which are now called debit accounts.
Every citizen is being issued an
account in a bank near his place of residence. All payments by employers or government
agencies will be made by
electronic transfer. Cash transactions larger than five Bancors will be illegal
in three months. Most expenditures will be paid by debit card. That is the only way in which the
UN Monetary
Transaction Tracking Agency (MTTA) can combat counterfeiting and prevent money
laundering by organized crime. That, of course, is camouflage. The government complex issuing
the new money is the
greatest perpetrator of counterfeiting and organized crime the world has ever seen. 1 The real targets are political dissidents and those escaping taxes
in the underground economy.
No one will be allowed to earn or buy
or sell without this ID card, nor will
they be allowed to leave the country or even to migrate to another city. If any government agency has
reason to red-flag an
individual, his card will not clear, and he will be blocked from virtually all economic
transactions and geographical movements. It is the ultimate control.
The new money offers the Cabal yet one more benefit.
There can never be
another run on the banks, because it is now illegal to demand currency.
1. That is not hyperbole. All fiat money is counterfeit.
Furthermore, there is evidence that
the CIA and the DEA have been deeply involved in the smuggling of illicit drugs. The money derived from
those drugs was apparently laundered through Panamanian branches of U.S. banks and used to
finance covert operations in Nicaragua and
elsewhere. Virtually all governments have been involved in activities that would be criminal
offenses if committed by ordinary citizens.
THE RISE OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS
Hyperinflation is fertile ground for
the seeds of revolution. Economic despair
led the masses to grasp at the promises of Lenin in Russia, Hitler in Germany,
Mussolini in Italy, and Mao in China. It has now been three years since that
fateful run on the banks in New York, and inflation has not abated, even with the introduction of
the Bancor. Now we are witnessing massive public demonstrations in every major city for higher
wages, more jobs, larger government
benefits, and more stringent price controls. Since there are practically no goods in the
stores at any price, the demonstrators are also calling for higher output from government
factories. The demonstrations
have been organized by radical organizations advocating the overthrow of the "decadent
capitalist" system and the enthronement of socialism in its place. The participants in the street do not understand the words
they chant. They are unaware that capitalism has been dead in America for many years and that it is socialism they already have.
Nevertheless, there are tens of
thousands of desperate people who are attracted to the rhetoric of revolution. Terrorism and revolutionary insurgency have become
common occurrences in the major urban areas. The ranks of the revolutionaries are swelled by those who come solely for the
looting that always follows.
People are frightened by these
violent events and demand the restoration of law and order. They are relieved when martial law is declared. They are happy to see the
International Guard patrolling their neighborhoods. They are not resentful of being confined in their homes or arbitrarily detained
by soldiers. They are actually grateful for the omni-presence of the police state.
It is curious that the revolutionary
groups behind this violence have not been inhibited by the government. To the contrary, they have been given grants from CFR
organizations, and their leaders have been treated courteously by CFR politicians The CFR
media have given them
extended coverage in the news and has presented their cause with sympathy. A few dissidents have begun
to wonder if the
revolutionaries are but the unknowing pawns of those in power and that their primary
function is to frighten the population into accepting the constraints of a police state.
Such voices, however, are quickly
silenced. Those who question the government or the media are branded as extremists at the
lunatic fringe. Authorities say that
they are the cause of our present woes. They are remnants of the old system based on
profit-seeking and
race-hating. They are guilty of politically-incorrect attitudes and hate crimes. They are sentenced
to attitude-correction centers for psychological treatment and rehabilitation.
Those who do not immediately
recant are never seen again.
HOMES ARE
NATIONALIZED
One of the first
industries to feel the raw power of "emergency measures" was the home
industry. During the early stages of inflation, people were applying their increasingly
worthless dollars to pay down
their mortgages. That was devastating to the lenders. They were being paid back in dollars
that were worth only a fraction of the
ones they had lent out. The banking crisis had caused the disappearance of savings and investment
capital, so they were
unable to issue new loans to replace the old. Besides, people were afraid to sell their
homes under such chaotic times and, if they did, very few were willing to buy with interest rates that high. Old loans were being paid
off, and new loans were not replacing them. The S&Ls, which in the 1980s had been in trouble because home prices were falling,
now were going broke because prices were rising.
Congress applied the expected
political fix by bailing them out and taking them over. But that did not stop
the losses. It merely transferred them
to the taxpayers. To put an end to the losses, Congress passed the Housing Fairness and Reform Act
(HFRA). It converted all
Bancor-denominated contracts to a new unit of value—called the "Fairness Value"— which is
determined by the National Average
Price Index (NAPI) on Fridays of the preceding week. This has nothing to do with interest rates. It
relates to Bancor values. For the
purpose of illustration, let us convert Bancors back to dollars. A $50,000 loan on Friday
became a $920,000 loan on Monday. Few people could afford the payments. Thousands of angry voters stormed the Capitol
building in protest. While the mob shouted obscenities outside, Congress hastily voted to declare a moratorium on all mortgage
payments. By the end of the day, no one had to pay anything! The people returned to their
homes with satisfaction and
gratitude for their wise and generous leaders.
That was only an
"emergency" measure to be handled on a more sound basis later on. Many months have now passed,
and
Congress has not dared to tamper with
the arrangement. The voters would throw them out of office if they tried. Millions of people have been living in their homes at
no cost, except for county taxes, which were also beyond the ability of anyone to pay.
Following the lead of
Congress, the counties also declared a moratorium on their taxes—but not until the federal
government agreed to make up their losses under terms of the newly passed Aid to Local
Governments Act
(ALGA).
Renters are now in the same position,
because virtually all rental property
has been nationalized, even that which had been totally paid for by their owners. Under HFRA, it is not
"fair" for those who are
buying their homes to have an advantage over those who are renting. Rent controls made
it impossible for apartment owners to keep pace with the rising costs of maintenance and especially their rising taxes.
Virtually all rental units have been seized by county governments for back taxes. And since
the counties
themselves are now dependent on the federal government for most of their revenue, their real
estate has been transferred to federal agencies in return for federal aid.
All of this was pleasing to the
voters who were gratified that their leaders were "doing something" to solve their problems.
It gradually
became clear, however, that the federal government was now the owner of all their homes and
apartments. The reality is that people are living in them only at the pleasure of the government. They can be relocated to other
quarters if that is what the government wants.
WAGE-PRICE CONTROLS AND WORK ARMIES
Meanwhile, the UN Wage and Price
Stabilization Agency (WPSA) has
instituted wage and price controls to combat inflation. What few businesses were able to
survive the ravages of inflation are knocked out by these measures. Vital
industries have been seized by the
WPSA and prevented from closing. When employees refuse to work for low, fixed wages or to take the jobs
assigned to them, they are
placed under arrest and convicted of anti-democratic activities. Given a choice between prison or
"volunteering" for the UN Full
Employment and Environmental Restoration Army (FEERA), most of them chose the army. They are now doing
the work prescribed
for them in return for food and shelter. Many have been reassigned to new jobs, new
cities, even new countries,
depending on the employment quotas
established by the UN International
Human Resource Allocation Agency (IHRAA). Their families have been given living quarters which are
appropriate to their work
status and their willingness to cooperate.
Automobiles are now used only by the
ruling elite who hold government
positions of authority. To the extent possible, workers have been relocated to barracks
which were constructed within walking distance of major industries. Others use rapid-transit systems, which have been greatly
expanded by FEERA. For middle management and the more skilled workers who are allowed to live in the suburbs, there are
"Peoples' Van Pools" (PVPs) that shuttle them to and from assigned boarding
areas.
Last week, Maurice Strong, who is
now the Director of IHRAA, toured the fifteen regional subdivisions that have been carved out of the North-American continent—including
the former United States and
Canada—and expressed gratification that America, at last, has ceased to be an aggressor
against the world.
Another twenty years have slipped
by, and we now find ourselves in
The New World Order. No one around us is sure exactly when it began. In fact, there was no official
starting date, no announcement in
the media, no ceremony with blaring of trumpets. Sometime during the past ten or fifteen years, it
became obvious that it
just was, and everyone accepted it as the
natural evolution of
political trends and necessities. Now, a whole generation is in place that has
no memory of another way of life. Many of the older folks have all but
forgotten the details of their previous existence. And, of course, many of them have been
eliminated. Schools and
textbooks speak of the bygone era as one of unbridled competition, selfishness, and
injustice. Previously commonplace possessions such as automobiles and private homes and
three pairs of shoes are
hardly mentioned, and when they are, they are derided as wasteful artifacts of a decadent
society that, fortunately, has ceased to exist.
NO TAXES OR INFLATION OR DEPRESSIONS
The public is no
longer concerned over high taxes. For the most part, there are none. Everyone works for the
government—directly or
indirectly—and is paid by electronic transfer to a government-regulated bank
which controls all spending accounts. Even those large
corporations which have been allowed to maintain the
appearance of private
ownership are merely junior partners of government. They are totally regulated
and, at the same time, totally protected from failure. The amount each citizen
receives for his labor is determined by his technical usefulness and his
political rank. His taxes are pleasantly low or non-existent. The
cost of government now is derived almost totally from expansion of the money
supply—and from the economic value of the work battalions.
Each regional government of the world determines its
spending needs and then offers to sell bonds in the open market to
raise the money. The IMF/World Bank, acting as the UN's central bank,
is the primary buyer. The Bank determines how much money to allow each regional
government and then "purchases" that amount of bonds. It accomplishes
that by making an electronic transfer of "credits" to one of its
correspondent banks within the region receiving the money. Once that has
happened, the local government can draw upon those credits to pay its bills.
Not a single tax dollar is needed for any of that. The IMF/World bank simply
creates
the money and the regional governments spend it.
In days gone by, this increase in the money supply would
have caused prices and wages to go up almost immediately. Not anymore. Prices and wages are
controlled. What does happen, however, is that the government is caught in its own
trap. It needs to keep the workers happy by giving them wage increases,
but it also needs to keep its factories functioning by allowing price increases as well. The
wage-price spiral, therefore, is not eliminated. It is merely delayed a
few months. And, instead of happening in response to the interplay of supply and
demand in a free market, it is directed by bureaucratic formula. The end
result is the same either way. The people of the world are still paying
the cost of their international and local governments through the
hidden taxation called inflation.
In the chaotic past, the industrialized nations of the
world went through phases of disruptive inflation often exceeding
1000% per year. That served a purpose in helping to destroy public
faith in their existing national governments. It softened them up
and made them more willing to accept drastic changes in their life
styles and their political institutions. It paved the way to The New
World Order. But now we have arrived, and extreme inflation rates—at least in the absence of
war—would cause public dissatisfaction and
be counterproductive. Inflation, therefore, has now been
institutionalized at
about 5% per year. That has been determined to be the optimum level for generating the
most revenue without causing public alarm. Five per cent, everyone agrees, is "moderate."
We can live with that,
but we tend to forget it is 5% per year, forever.
A 5% devaluation applies, not only to
the money earned this year, but to
all that is left over from previous years. At the end of the first year, the original dollar
is worth 95 cents. At the end of the second year, it is reduced again by 5% leaving its worth
at 90 cents, and so on.
After 20 years, the government will have confiscated 64% of every dollar we saved at the
beginning of our careers. After working 45 years, the hidden tax on those first-year
dollars will be 90%. The
government will take virtually all of them over our lifetime. Current income and earned
interest will partially offset this effect but it will not alter the underlying reality of government confiscation.
EFFECT OF
"MODEST" 5% INFLATION
For the past
fifty years, all the published charts illustrating the decline of the dollar from
such-and-such a date to the "present" show the following type of
curve.
These, of course,
are averages. A few people in the middle class of the bureaucracy will have managed
to place some of their dollars into tangible assets or income-producing
securities—what few remain—where they are somewhat protected from the effects of inflation. For
the vast majority, however, inflation hedges constitute but a tiny
fraction of all they have earned over a lifetime.
And so we find that, in The New World Order, inflation has been
institutionalized at a "modest" level of five per cent. Once in every five or six
generations—as prices climb higher and higher—a new monetary unit can be issued to
replace the old in order to eliminate some of the zeros. But no one will live
long enough to experience more than one devaluation. Each generation is unconcerned about the
loss of the previous one. Young people come into the process without realizing it is
circular instead of linear. They cannot comprehend the total because
they were not alive at the beginning and will not be alive at the end. In fact,
there need not even be an end. The process can be continued forever.
By this mechanism—and with the output of work battalions— government can
operate entirely without taxes. The lifetime output of every human
being is at its disposal. Workers are allowed a color TV,
state-subsidized alcohol and recreational drugs, and violent sports to amuse
them, but they have no other options. They cannot escape their
class. Society is divided into the rulers and the ruled, with an
administrative bureaucracy in between. Privilege is now largely a right
of birth. The worker class and even most of the administrators serve masters whom
they do not know by name. But serve they do. Their new lords are the monetary
and political scientists who created and who now control The New World Order. All of
mankind is in a condition of high-tech feudalism.
HIGH-TECH
FEUDALISM
Inflation is not the only aspect of economic chaos that is now under control.
Booms and busts in the business cycle are also a thing of the past. Like direct taxes,
there are no business cycles any more. Now that the government has firm control over
every economic check point, business cycles simply are not allowed. There is no
speculation in the market, because no one has funds with which to
speculate. There are no expansions of inventories or capital goods in
order to maximize future profits, because inventories now are
determined by formula. Besides, profits are also
determined by formula and, although they are just large
enough to keep pace with
inflation, they are guaranteed.
Chaos in the economy is now
impossible because it is not tolerated. Neither is a depression. Yes, there are
hundreds of millions of
human beings living under conditions of extreme hardship, and thousands die of starvation every day, but
depressions are
outlawed. No politician, no author, no one in the media would dare to suggest that the system
was a failure. Each month the government releases new statistics showing in
some obscure way or another
that the economy is steadily improving. Although people are starving everywhere, hunger does not exist
anymore. Although work
battalions are crammed into flimsy barracks and tents, and although older homes and apartment buildings
are falling down
for lack of maintenance, forcing more and more families to share their tiny, unheated
dwellings—nevertheless, the housing shortage is officially being eliminated. There are no more problems in the economy, because they
now are illegal.
VOICES FROM THE PAST
There is a message flashing on the
front panel of our time machine. It
reads: Duplicate sequence in
memory bank. Check years 1816, 1831,
1904, and 1949. That tells
us that the on-board computer has found a similarity between what we are now viewing in the future and something that was
recorded in the past. We had better check it out. On your keyboard, type: Send data to printer and press the key labelled Execute.
The first item is coming out of the
printer now. It is a warning. In the year 1816, Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to Sam Kercheval in which he said:
We must make
our election between economy and liberty, or profusion
and servitude. If we run into
such debts as that we must be taxed in our meat and in our drink, in our necessities and our comforts, in our labors and our
amusements,... our people ... must come to labor sixteen hours in the
twenty-four, give our earnings of fifteen of these to the government,... have
no time to think, no means of calling our mis-managers to account; but be glad to obtain sustenance by hiring ourselves out to
rivet their chains on the necks of our fellow-sufferers.... And this is the tendency of all
human governments ... till the bulk of
society is reduced to be mere automatons of
misery.... And the forehorse of this frightful team is
public debt. Taxation follows that, and in its train
wretchedness and oppression.1
Here is the second printout. It is a
political commentary and a prophesy. In the year 1831, a young Frenchman, named Alexis de
Tocqueville, toured the United States to prepare an
official report to
his government on the American prison system. His real interest,
however, was the social and political environment in the New
World. He found much to admire in America but he also observed
what he thought were the seeds of its destruction. Upon his return
to France the following year, he began work on a four-volume
analysis of the strengths and weaknesses he found. His perceptivity
was remarkable, and his work, entitled Democracy in America, has
remained as one of the world's classic works in political science.
This is the part that our computer recognized:
his government on the American prison system. His real interest,
however, was the social and political environment in the New
World. He found much to admire in America but he also observed
what he thought were the seeds of its destruction. Upon his return
to France the following year, he began work on a four-volume
analysis of the strengths and weaknesses he found. His perceptivity
was remarkable, and his work, entitled Democracy in America, has
remained as one of the world's classic works in political science.
This is the part that our computer recognized:
The Americans hold that in every
state the supreme power ought to emanate from the people; but when once that power is constituted, they can conceive, as it were, no
limits to it, and they are ready to admit that it has the right to do whatever
it pleases.... The idea of rights inherent in certain individuals is rapidly disappearing from the
minds of men;
the idea of the omnipotence and sole authority of society at large rises to fill its
place....
The first thing
that strikes the observation is an innumerable multitude of men, all equal and
alike, incessantly endeavoring to procure the petty and paltry pleasures with which they
glut their lives. Each of them, living apart, is a stranger to the fate of all
the rest; his children and his
private friends constitute to him the whole of mankind....
Above this race
of men stands an immense and tutelary power, which takes upon itself alone to secure their
gratifications and to watch over their
fate. That power is absolute, minute, regular, provident, and mild. It would be like the authority of a
parent if, like that authority,
its object was to prepare men for manhood; but it seeks, on the contrary, to
keep them in perpetual childhood: it is well content that the people should rejoice,
provided they think of nothing but rejoicing....
After
having thus successively taken each member of the community in its powerful grasp and fashioned him at will, the supreme power then extends its arm over the whole
community. It covers the surface of
society with a network of small, complicated rules, minute and uniform, through
which the most original minds
1. Basic Writings (New York: Wiley Book Co., 1944), pp. 749-50.
and the most energetic characters
cannot penetrate, to rise above the crowd. The will of man is not shattered, but softened,
bent, and guided; men are
seldom forced by it to act, but they are constantly restrained from acting. Such a power
does not destroy, but it prevents existence; it does not tyrannize, but it compresses,
enervates, extinguishes,
and stupefies a people, till each nation is reduced to nothing better than a flock of timid
and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd....
Our contemporaries are constantly
excited by two conflicting passions: they want to be led, and they wish to remain free. As they cannot destroy either the one or the
other of these contrary propensities,
they strive to satisfy them both at once. They devise a sole, tutelary, and all-powerful form
of government, but elected by the people. They combine the principle of centralization and that
of popular
sovereignty; this gives them a respite: they console themselves for being in tutelage by
the reflection that they have chosen their own guardians. Every man allows himself to be put
in leading-strings,
because he sees that it is not a person or a class of persons, but the people at large who
hold the end of his chain. By this system the people shake off their state of dependence
just long enough to select their
master and then relapse into it again. 1
EDUCATION
AS A TOOL FOR HUMAN ENGINEERING
The third printout is dated 1904 and is a report issued
by the General
Education Board, one of the first foundations established by John D. Rockefeller, Sr.. The
purpose of the foundation was to use the power of money, not to raise the level of education in America, as was widely believed at
the time, but to influence the direction of that education. Specifically, it
was to promote the ideology of
collectivism and internationalism. The object was to use the classroom to teach attitudes that
encourage people to be passive and submissive to their rulers. The goal was—and is—to create citizens who are educated enough for
productive work under supervision but
not enough to question authority or seek to rise above their class. True
education was to be restricted to the sons and daughters of the elite. For the rest, it would be
better to produce skilled
workers with no particular aspirations other than to enjoy life. It was enough, as de
Tocqueville phrased it, "that the people should rejoice, provided they think of nothing
but rejoicing."
In the first publication of the
General Education Board, Fred Gates explained the plan:
In our dreams we have limitless
resources, and the people yield themselves with perfect docility to our molding hands.
The present educational conventions fade from our minds, and unhampered by tradition, we work our own good upon
a grateful and responsive rural folk. We shall not try to make these people or any of their
children into philosophers of
mental learning or of science. We have not to raise from among them authors, editors,
poets, or men of letters. We shall not search for embryo great artists, painters, musicians,
nor lawyers, doctors,
preachers, politicians, statesmen of whom we have ample supply. The task we set before
ourselves is very simple as well as a very beautiful one: To train these people as we find
them to a perfectly ideal life just where they are.... in the homes, in the
shop, and on the farm.1
BACK TO THE FUTURE
Here is the fourth computer printout
from the past. It is a
satire—and a warning. In the year
1949, George Orwell wrote his
classic novel entitled 1984. In it, he portrayed the same "futuristic"
classic novel entitled 1984. In it, he portrayed the same "futuristic"
scenes that now lie before us as we
sit in our time machine. His
only error appears to have been the date that became the title of his
only error appears to have been the date that became the title of his
book. If he were writing it today, it
is likely he would call it 2054. Orwell described the world of our future as being divided into
three regions called Oceania,
Eurasia, and Eastasia. Oceania con‑
sists of the Americas plus England,
Australia, and the Pacific
Islands; Eurasia is Russia and continental Europe; Eastasia com‑
prises China, Japan, Southeast Asia, & India. These superstates are
Islands; Eurasia is Russia and continental Europe; Eastasia com‑
prises China, Japan, Southeast Asia, & India. These superstates are
constantly at war with each other.
The wars are not fought to
conquer the enemy, they are waged for the primary purpose of
controlling the population. The people in all three territories
conquer the enemy, they are waged for the primary purpose of
controlling the population. The people in all three territories
tolerate their misery and oppression because sacrifices
are necessary in time of
war. Most of the stratagems outlined in The Report
from Iron Mountain are to be found in Orwell's
narrative, but Orwell described them
first. The think-tank was even willing to credit
Orwell as the source of some of its
concepts. For example, on the subject of establishing a modern, sophisticated form of
slavery, the group at Iron Mountain said:
1. "Occasional Paper No.
1," General Education Board, 1904.
Up to now, this has been suggested only in fiction,
notably in the works of Wells,
Huxley, Orwell, and others engaged in the imaginative anticipation of the sociology of the future.
But the fantasies
projected in Brave New World and 1984 have seemed less and less implausible over the years since
their publication. The traditional association of slavery with ancient preindustrial
cultures should not blind us to its
adaptability to advanced forms of social organization. 1
From this we see that Orwell's work is far more than an entertaining novel. It is relevant to our present
journey in time. Our would-be masters
have studied him carefully. So should we. This is what he wrote:
These three superstates are
permanently at war, and have been so for the past twenty-five years. War, however, is no
longer the desperate,
annihilating struggle that it was in the early decades of the twentieth century.... This is not to
say that either the conduct of the war, or the prevailing attitude toward it,
has become less bloodthirsty or more chivalrous. On the contrary, war hysteria is continuous and universal in all countries, and such
acts as raping, looting, the slaughter of children, the reduction of whole populations to slavery, and reprisals against prisoners
which extend even to boiling and burying alive, are looked upon as normal....
The primary aim of modem warfare ...
is to use up the products of the machine without raising the general standard of living. [The "machine" is society's
technical and industrial capacity to produce goods.] ... From the moment when the machine first made its
appearance it
was clear to all thinking people that the need for human drudgery, and therefore to a great
extent for human inequality, had disappeared. If the machine were used deliberately for
that end, hunger,
overwork, dirt, illiteracy, and disease could be eliminated within a few generations....
But it was also clear that an all-around increase in
wealth threatened the
destruction—indeed in some cases was the destruction—of a hierarchical society. In a world in
which everyone worked short
hours, had enough to eat, lived in a house with a bathroom and a refrigerator, and
possessed a motorcar or even an airplane, the most obvious and perhaps the most
important form of inequality
would already have disappeared. If it once became general, wealth would confer no
distinction.... Such a society could not long remain stable. For if leisure and security were enjoyed
by all alike, the great mass of
human beings who are normally stupefied by poverty would become literate and would
learn to think for themselves; and
1. Lewin, Report, p. 70.
when once they had
done this, they would sooner or later realize that the privileged minority had no
function, and they would sweep it away. In
the long run, a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance....
The essential act
of war is destruction, not necessarily of human lives, but of the products of human
labor. War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the
stratosphere, or sinking into the depths of the sea, materials which might
otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the
long run, too intelligent....
In practice the
needs of the population are always underestimated, with the result
that there is a chronic shortage of half the necessities of life; but this is
looked on as an advantage. It is deliberate policy to keep even the favored groups somewhere near
the brink of hardship, because a general
state of scarcity increases the importance of small privileges and thus
magnifies the distinction between one group and another.... The social atmosphere is that of a besieged city, where the
possession of a lump of horseflesh
makes the difference between wealth
and poverty. And at the same time the consequences of being at war, and therefore in danger, makes the handing
over of all power to a small caste
seem the natural, unavoidable condition of survival....
War, it will be
seen, not only accomplishes the necessary destruction, but accomplishes it in a
psychologically acceptable way. In principle it would be quite simple
to waste the surplus labor of the world by building temples and
pyramids, by digging holes and filling them up again, or even by producing
vast quantities of goods and then setting fire to them. But this would
provide only the economic and not the emotional basis for a hierarchical
society....
War, it will be
seen, is now a purely internal affair.... waged by each ruling group
against its own subjects, and the object of the war is not to make or prevent
conquests of territory, but to keep the structure of society intact.
1
THE FUNCTION OF WASTE IN
MODERN TOTALITARIANISM
Once again, it
is clear that Orwell's grim narrative was a primary model for The
Report from Iron Mountain. The authors of that blueprint for our future spoke at length about the
value of planned waste
as a means of preventing the masses from improving their standard of living.
They wrote:
The production of weapons of mass
destruction has always been associated with economic "waste." The term
is pejorative, since it
implies a failure of function. But no human activity can
properly be considered
wasteful if it achieves its contextual objective....
In the case of military
"waste," there is indeed a larger social utility.... In advanced modem
democratic societies, the war system ... has served as the last great safeguard against the
elimination of necessary social
classes. As economic productivity increases to a level further and further above that of
minimum subsistence, it becomes more and more difficult for a society to maintain
distribution patterns insuring the
existence of "hewers of wood and drawers of water."...
The arbitrary nature of war
expenditures and of other military activities make them ideally suited to
control these essential class relationships.... The continuance of the war system must be assured, if for no other reason, among others,
than to preserve whatever quality and degree of poverty a society requires as an incentive,
as well as to maintain the
stability of its internal organization of power.1
These documents from the real past
and the imagined future can help us to better understand our present. The
spectacle of wasteful
government spending suddenly becomes logical. It is not stupidity that pays farmers to
destroy their crops, or that purchases trillion-dollar weapons systems that are never deployed
or in some cases not even
completed, or that provides funding for studies of the sex life of the tse-tse fly, or
that gives grants to pornographers posing as artists. The overriding object behind most of
these boondoggles is
to waste the resources of the nation. It is obvious by now that the decline in living
standards in the Western world is associated with a widening gap between the haves and the
have-nots. What
is not so obvious, however, is that this is according to plan. To that end, massive waste
in government spending is not an unfortunate by-product, it is the goal.
That brings us
back to the question of finding an acceptable substitute for war. War is not only the ultimate waste,
it is also the ultimate motivation for human action. As Orwell said, waste in
the absence of war
"would provide only the economic and not the emotional basis for a hierarchical
society." Will the environmental-pollution model be able to sufficiently motivate human
action to be a substitute for
war?
That is not a safe assumption. The possibility of war in
our future cannot be
ruled out. The environmental-pollution model is not yet thoroughly proven. It is working well for limited
purposes
1. Lewin, Report, pp. 34-35, 40-41.
and on a limited scale, but
it is still doubtful that it will ever equal the hysteria potential of a
physical war. The world planners will not abandon the use of war until the
new model has been proven over many years. On that point, the Report from Iron Mountain was emphatic:
When asked how
best to prepare for the advent of peace, we must first reply, as strongly as we can, that the war system
cannot responsibly be
allowed to disappear until 1) we know exactly what it is we plan to put in its place, and
2) we are certain, beyond reasonable doubt, that these substitute institutions will serve
their purposes in terms of the survival and stability of society.... It is
uncertain, at this time, whether
peace will ever be possible. It is far more questionable ... that it would be desirable even
if it were demonstrably attainable. 1
REGIONALISM AS A
TRANSITION TO WORLD GOVERNMENT
The coalescing of the world's nations into three regional superstates was already
visible even before we activated our time machine. The first steps had been
strictly economic but were soon followed by political and military consolidation. The
European Union (EU), including Russia, began with the issuance of a common money and eventually
merged into a functional regional government. It was Orwell's Eurasia, even though it
avoided calling itself by that name. Treaties binding Canada, the United States, Mexico, and South
America formed the basic outline of Oceania, built around the Federal-Reserve Note as
the regional money. Japan eventually became hostile to the West when
trading was no longer to her sole advantage and, along with China which had been built up by Western
aid and technology, and with India which had been given atomic technology by the West,
became the political center of Eastasia. Even as far back as the
1980s, it was known as the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere." Its monetary system was to be based upon the Yen.
The people of the former nations were not yet ready for a
giant leap into world government. They had to be led to that goal by a series of shorter and less
frightening steps. They were more willing to surrender their economic and
military independence to regional groupings of people who were closer in ethnic and
cultural origin and who shared common borders. Only after several decades
of
1.
Ibid., pp. 88-90.
transition was it possible to make the final merger. In the
meantime,
the world was plunged alternately between war and peace. After each cycle of war, the population was more
frightened, impoverished, and collectivised.
In the end, world government was irresistible.
By that time, the environmental-pollution model and the alien-invasion model had been perfected to
provide high levels of human
motivation. But, even then, regional uprisings were occasionally engineered when necessary to justify
massive "peacekeeping"
operations. War was never fully abandoned. It remained, as it always had been, a necessity for the stabilization of society.
HOW FIXED IS THE
FUTURE?
Let us return now to the present from
which we departed and reflect upon our journey. The first thing that strikes us is that we cannot be certain the future will
unfold exactly as we have seen it. There are too many variables. When we originally set our Primary-Assumption
selector to Present trends unaltered, we left the Secondary-Assumption selector where it was. It was pointing to Banking Crisis. Had we chosen the next position, No Banking Crisis, our journey would have been different. We would
not have seen long lines of depositors or panic-buying in the stores or closing of the
stock market.
But we would still have witnessed the same scenes of despair in the more distant future. We
merely would have travelled a different path of events to get there.
The forces driving our
society into global totalitarianism would not change one iota. We still would have the doomsday mechanisms
at work. We would have the CFR in control of the power centers of government and the media. And we would have an electorate which is unaware of what is being done
to them and, therefore, unable to
resist. Through environmental and economic treaties and through military disarmament to the UN, we would witness
the same emergence of a world central bank, a world government, and a world army to enforce its dictates. Inflation and
wage/price controls would have progressed more or less the same, driving consumer goods out of existence and men
into bondage. Instead of moving
toward The New World Order in a series of economic spasms, we merely would have travelled a less violent path and arrived at exactly the same destination.
There is little doubt that the master planners would prefer
to follow the more tranquil route. Patient gradualism is less risky. But not everything is within
their control. Events can get out of hand, and powerful economic forces can
become suddenly unleashed. Banking crises can occur even without being deliberately caused.
On the other hand, the Cabal also knows that crises are
useful in driving the masses into the corral faster than they would otherwise move. Therefore,
the application of some kind of scientifically engineered crisis
cannot be ruled out. It could take many forms: Ethnic violence, terrorism,
plague, even war itself. But none of that makes any difference. It will not alter our
direction of travel through time. It will only determine our specific route.
Like a flowing river, it may be diverted this way or that by natural barriers or even by man-made
channels, dikes, and dams, but it eventually will reach the sea. Our concluding
reflection, therefore, is that it is relatively unimportant whether there will be
a banking crisis or any other cataclysmic event. These are all
secondary assumptions which are meaningless. Our only real hope for averting the new feudalism of
the future is to change the Primary assumption. We must change it
to read: Present Trends Reversed.
SUMMARY
A pessimistic scenario of future events includes a banking crisis, followed by a
government bailout and the eventual nationalization of all banks. The
final cost is staggering and is paid with money created by the Federal Reserve.
It is passed on to the public in the form of inflation.
Further inflation is caused by the continual expansion of welfare programs, socialized
medicine, entitlement programs, and interest on the national debt. The dollar is finally
abandoned as the de facto currency of the world. Trillions of dollars are
sent back to the United States by foreign investors to be converted as
quickly as possible into tangible assets. That causes even greater
inflation than before. So massive is the inflationary pressure that
industry and commerce come to a halt. Barter becomes the means of
exchange. America takes her place among the depressed nations of
South America, Africa, and Asia—mired together in economic equality.
Politicians seize upon the opportunity and offer bold reforms. The reforms are more of
exactly what created the problem in the first place: expanded governmental
power, new regulatory agen-
cies, and more restrictions on freedom. But this time,
the programs begin to take on
an international flavor. The American dollar is replaced by a new UN money, and the Federal Reserve
System becomes a
branch operation of the IMF/World Bank.
Electronic transfers
gradually replace cash and checking accounts. This permits UN agencies to monitor the
financial activities of every
person. A machine-readable ID card is used for that purpose. If an individual is red
flagged by any government agency, the card does not clear, and he is cut off from all
economic transactions and
travel. It is the ultimate control.
Increasing
violence in the streets from revolutionary movements and ethnic clashes provide an excuse for martial
law. The public is happy to see UN soldiers
checking ID cards. The police-state arrives
in the name of public safety.
Eventually all
private dwellings are taken over by the government as a result of bailing out the home-mortgage
industry. Rental property is
also taken, as former landlords are unable to pay property taxes. People are allowed to
live in these dwellings at reasonable cost, or no cost at all. It gradually becomes clear, however, that the government is now
the owner of all homes and apartments. People are living in them only at the pleasure of the government. They can be reassigned at
any time.
Wages and prices are controlled.
Dissidents are placed into work armies. There are no more autos except for the ruling elite. Public transportation is provided for
the masses, and those with limited skills live in government housing within walking distance of their assigned jobs. Men have been
reduced to the level of serfs who are subservient to their masters. Their condition of life can only be described as high-tech
feudalism.
There is no certainty that the
future will unfold in exactly that manner, because there are too many
variables. For example, if we had assumed that there will not be
a banking crisis, then our journey would be
different. We would not see long lines of depositors
or panic-buying in the stores or closing of the stock market. But we would still witness the same
scenes of despair in the more distant future. We merely would have
travelled a different path of events to get
there. That is because the forces driving
our society into global totalitarianism would not have changed one iota. We still would have the
doomsday mechanisms at work. We would
have the CFR in control of the power centers of
government and the media. We would
have an electorate which is unaware of what is being done to them and, therefore, unable to resist. Through environmental and
economic treaties and through military disarmament to the UN, we would witness the same emergence of a world central bank, a
world government, and a world army to
enforce its dictates. Inflation
and wage/price controls
would have progressed more or less the same, driving
consumer goods out of existence and
men into bondage. Instead of moving toward The New World Order in a series of economic spasms, we merely would have
travelled a less violent path and arrived at exactly the same destination.
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